The United Kingdom is a European country located in the north-western part of Europe, and it consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is a constitutional monarchy, ruled by Queen Elizabeth II, who was crowned on May 13, 1952.
In the 18th century, England became a great power after World War I, with its economy being one of the greatest in history. In the 19th century, industrialization developed steadily across Europe including Britain. Industrial revolution and urbanization were significant components of this growth. During this period, Britain entered war again to protect her country. After WW1, she had been made an ally of Great Britain by agreement of the League of Nations, but by 1945 Germany had invaded Russia, and this led to the Allied Alliance. By 1940, the British government felt that they needed military support. As a result, the Second World War began in 1939 between France and Britain. The first allied attack upon Germany took place in the Battle of Britain on April 6–7, 1942. Over the next two years, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany engaged in numerous conflicts, especially during the winter and spring of 1943-1944. With these battles, the relationship between Great Britain and Britain became strained. This worsened between 1941 and 1944, when Winston Churchill started the invasion. In the end, Hitler's empire fell to his hands on May 1, 1944.
At the start of WWII, Prime Minister Clement Attlee saw the threat to his country and decided to build an effective nation state. Following World War II, many countries across Europe established independent states, some joined the Allied Alliance, while others formed the Commonwealth in order to defend themselves from Russian occupation. Most independent states are based on territories and have no foreign powers.These new independent countries also came in different forms, such as East Anglian Commonwealth (1952), West German Confederation of Free Association and Organization (1957), Portuguese Nonscalers' Federation (1966) and Belgian Federal Republic (1969). On April 5, 1953, the Commonwealth officially came into force, replacing the previous confederations. Some former colonies gained independence during WWII. For example, South Korea became Democratic People's Republic of Korea; Austria-Hungary became part of Hungary; Lithuania became part of the USSR; Albania was given independence from Yugoslavia (1991).
In 1945, the UK issued Enabling Acts, which gave more freedom to people living under a certain level of authority. This meant a greater role of parliament that allowed them to make laws. These acts limited the rights of women and children, but also abolished slavery and created equality. However, since these provisions were not very strict, there were still problems with equality such as the poor working conditions and inadequate pay for equal work. Moreover, the same Acts were very unpopular and required a large amount of parliamentary action as well. They were repealed in 1948. From then until December 31, 1973, the Royal Family controlled everything involving politics, even though a member of the House of Lords would be chosen through popular vote.An Act named "The Representation of Interests in Parliament" in 1976 introduced this system of voting in order to prevent majority vote from being dominated by wealthy landowners.There were also attempts to amend the Constitution in order to change the number of Members of Parliament and give more democratic representation, the most successful of which was proposed in the 1981 constitution. 1994, Tony Blair tried to introduce a Bill to create a Reform Bill, as a result he got elected. His aim was to reform the law in order to increase accountability instead of relying only on a simple majority. He proposed to abolish the proportional representation that currently used in all elections, allowing each person to become a lawmaker without any financial background. Furthermore, he wanted to create a National Portrait Gallery, which should allow anyone to see all the national political figures in Britain.In October 1998, Tony Blair wrote an article and made several television interviews expressing his idea of a 'New Britain',claiming that if elected prime minister he would end all religious discrimination in Britain and introduce the concept of "levelling up". He also suggested creating a fairer and "greener" society.Critics say this will only be in return of higher taxes, which means increased unemployment and poverty. Many experts do not see this as necessary.
In November 1998, Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock proposed a New Laborism, which means a new public service, lower taxes for everyone and better health care. On December 30, 2004, Neil Owen announced his withdrawal and the Conservatives called on him to resign.The subsequent election gave the Tories a majority of seats and Mr Owen lost his seat by 7,735 votes.
History:
Origins The Roman Emperor Justinian (r. 527 to 534 and 553 to 550 AD) made the whole Western Roman Empire an Anglo-Roman province called Britannia from 1066 to 987 AD.However, the Romans never officially recognized Britain as their own country, even though at this time the Britons did much business and trade with the Roman Empire. Thus, Britain remained a part of Roman territory for nearly 700 years until it became part of a separate entity called Britannia.Imperial rule in Britain ceased following the Norman conquest of 1066/1067, and a series of wars between the Normans and Byzantines, the Saxons and Saxes, destroyed Roman settlements for centuries before English rule became stable around 1000 BC.
British kings and queens:
Henry VIII (r. 1433–1500) was Henry VII's son and Queen Mary Tudor's husband.
James VI of Scotland (r. 1488–1526 and 1542–1543).
King Edward III (r. 1505–1547).
William the Lion Prince of Wales (r. 1539–1580).
Henry V of England (r. 1542–1544).
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Henry VIII of England and Somerset (r. 1495–1497).
James I of Scotland (r. 1517–1518).
George I of England and Normandy (r. 1588–1590).
John Knox of England and Cheshire (r. 1609–1613).
Charles IX of England and France (r.1613–1618).
Henry VII of England and Jersey (r. 1629–1634).
George II of England and York (r. 1635–1639).[37]
Louis XIV of Spain and Netherlands (r. 1639–1643).
These are the main Royal kings.In present Queen Elizabeth II is the living queen of England.
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